By Ayele Addis Ambelu (Ayeleradio@gmail.com)

Origins of Diplomatic Relations The diplomatic relationship between Ethiopia and Russia dates back 127 years, initiated by Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. This relationship has evolved significantly, adapting to both nations’ geopolitical shifts and internal changes.

Negara Gudetta, pursuing his third degree in Germany, underscores the historical depth of Russia-Africa relations, noting that they span over a century. This long-standing relationship has weathered various geopolitical changes, reflecting its resilience and adaptability.

Abdurahman Syed Abu Hashem, a London-based political analyst specializing in the Horn of Africa, emphasizes the mutually beneficial nature of Russia-Africa relations. He highlights that Russia relies on Africa, particularly minerals, for its raw material supply. This economic interdependence underpins the strategic alliance between the two regions.

Abu Hashem points out the significant influence of African countries in the United Nations, with over 50 African nations having a substantial voice. He explains that Russia seeks to leverage these votes to avoid international sanctions, making the relationship strategically crucial for Moscow. He describes such conferences as “good public relations” for Russia, enhancing its diplomatic standing.

Historically, many Ethiopians have traveled to the Soviet Union for education. This exchange has fostered a significant Ethiopian diaspora in Russia and vice versa, with Russians residing in Ethiopia for various professional and educational reasons. This cultural exchange has laid a foundation for continued bilateral relations.

Military and Strategic Alliances During the Cold War, Ethiopia, under the Derg regime, had a strong alliance with the Soviet Union. The relationship was characterized by military cooperation, with Ethiopia receiving substantial military aid from the Soviet Union. Despite Ethiopia’s limited interaction with the capitalist Western bloc during this period, the ties with Russia remained robust.

Key Historical Events

• Battle of Adwa (1896): Russia supported Ethiopia during the Italian invasion, sending 30,000 soldiers and 5,000 swords alongside the Russian Red Cross, which provided medical services to the wounded.
• Ogaden War (1977): During the Somali invasion of eastern Ethiopia, the Soviet Union and its allies supported Ethiopia, further cementing the military cooperation between the two countries.

Current Developments

Strengthening Diplomatic Relations According to Russian Ambassador to Ethiopia, Evgeny Terkin, the relationship between the two nations is strong, with ongoing efforts to enhance cooperation across various fields. Ambassador Eshetu Tilahun, Director General of European and American Affairs at Ethiopia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the strategic partnership in education, science, and defense.

Vladimir Putin recently announced the establishment of a trade office in Addis Ababa to enhance trade relations between Ethiopia and Russia. This initiative aims to boost bilateral trade and facilitate smoother economic exchanges between the two nations.

Ethiopia and Russia have agreed to collaborate on several critical sectors, including information security, information technology, nuclear power, and air transport. These agreements are expected to pave the way for significant technological and infrastructural advancements in Ethiopia.

In recent years, around 20,000 Ethiopian students have had the opportunity to study in Russia. This educational exchange has fostered a profound cultural and intellectual connection between the two countries, contributing to the development of skilled professionals in Ethiopia.

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, emphasizing the diplomatic and cultural ties between Ethiopia and Russia, expressed optimism that his participation in the recent conference would further strengthen their bilateral relations. He highlighted the importance of cooperation in technology, cybersecurity, economy, trade, and tourism.

Abu Hashem contends that the recent conference demonstrates the failure of Western efforts to isolate Russia, particularly President Vladimir Putin. He views this event as a diplomatic and public relations victory for Russia, showcasing its continued influence despite Western opposition. Abu Hashem acknowledges concerns about Western influence, particularly from France, but believes the conference signifies a setback for Western diplomatic efforts.

Economic and Trade Relations Ethiopia and Russia are working to strengthen their economic ties, focusing on trade and investment opportunities. The cooperation spans industries such as agriculture, energy, and manufacturing, with both nations seeking to leverage their complementary strengths for mutual benefit.

War-torn Russia and Ukraine are among the global wheat producers, and many African countries depend on wheat imports. Abu Hashem suggests that Russia’s decision to provide free wheat to certain African countries and potentially offer it at reduced prices to others could significantly benefit these nations. He also mentions the potential for agricultural cooperation to bolster African food security.

Parliamentary and People-to-People Relations The relationship between the two countries has also seen significant growth at the parliamentary level, with exchanges and collaborations aimed at fostering stronger political and social ties. Humanitarian aid and people-to-people connections have further solidified this partnership, reflecting a broad-based and multifaceted relationship.

Negara Guetta remarks that the recent conference did not meet expectations. Only 17 national leaders were in attendance, compared to over 43 at the first conference in 2019. This lower turnout may indicate challenges in mobilizing broad-based support for Russia’s African initiatives.

United Nations Security Council Dynamics Ethiopia’s support for Russia during United Nations Security Council discussions, particularly concerning sanctions, highlights the diplomatic alignment and mutual support between the two nations. This cooperation underscores the strategic importance both countries place on their bilateral relationship.

Key Sectors of Cooperation

1. Education and Science: Collaborative efforts in education and scientific research are ongoing, with both nations prioritizing knowledge exchange and capacity building.
2. Defense: Military cooperation continues to be a cornerstone of the Ethiopia-Russia relationship, building on the historical military alliances.
3. Industry and Agriculture: Joint ventures and investments in industrial projects and agricultural development are critical for future growth.
4. Energy: Energy sector cooperation, particularly in sustainable and renewable energy projects, is being explored to meet Ethiopia’s growing energy needs.

Ato Negra highlighted the significance of Ethiopia’s relationship with Russia, mainly from Eritrea’s perspective. Ethiopia, as the seat of the African Union and a member of the United Nations, provides substantial diplomatic support to Russia. This mutually beneficial strategic partnership enhances Russia’s influence in African and international forums.

Ethiopia’s military relies heavily on Russian weaponry, and Russian assistance is being sought to support the establishment of the Ethiopian navy. This military cooperation underscores the depth of the strategic alliance between the two nations.

Moscow canceled Ethiopia’s debt at the first Africa-Russia Summit, demonstrating a solid commitment to supporting the Ethiopian government. Additionally, Russia has consistently used its veto power in the United Nations Security Council to help Ethiopia, further solidifying their alliance.

The opening of the trade office in Addis Ababa marks a significant step towards enhancing economic and trade relations between Ethiopia and Russia. This move will facilitate increased investment and trade, benefiting both countries.

Ambassador Evgeny Terkin Ambassador Terkin emphasized the robust state of Ethiopia-Russia relations, highlighting the high-level discussions between Moscow and Addis Ababa to further cooperation. He noted the increasing parliamentary relations and the importance of humanitarian and cultural exchanges.

Ethiopia and Russia have also agreed to collaborate to promote tourism. Both nations aim to boost tourism, contribute to economic growth, and foster people-to-people connections by leveraging their rich cultural heritage and historical ties.

Ambassador Eshetu Tilahun Ambassador Tilahun pointed out the historical significance of the Ethiopia-Russia relationship, particularly in defense and education. He stressed the need to bolster economic ties and explore new areas for collaboration, such as science and technology.

The recent developments in Ethiopia-Russia relations highlight a multifaceted partnership that spans trade, education, technology, defense, and diplomacy. With agreements on critical sectors and continued support in international forums, the future of Ethiopia-Russia relations looks promising, offering significant benefits for both nations.

Sector Analysts Experts in international relations and political economy have noted that Ethiopia’s diplomatic strategies have traditionally balanced ties with major global powers, including the US, China, and Russia. Under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, the current government continues to navigate these relationships to optimize national interests.

Negara Gudetta notes that Russia’s approach to providing aid and equipment without preconditions makes it an attractive partner for African countries. This flexibility has strengthened Russia’s appeal in the region, contrasting with the more conditional aid from Western nations.

The relationship between Ethiopia and Russia is deeply rooted in history, marked by significant events and mutual support. Over the years, this relationship has adapted to changing political and economic landscapes, maintaining its strength through various regimes in both countries. Today, the cooperation spans multiple sectors, including education, defense, industry, and energy, reflecting a comprehensive and strategic partnership. As Ethiopia and Russia continue to navigate the complexities of international relations, their historical ties and current developments provide a strong foundation for future collaboration and mutual growth.

Historical depth, strategic mutual benefits, and complex geopolitical dynamics characterize the relationship between Russia and Africa. While Russia continues to seek diplomatic leverage and economic cooperation with African nations, the entrenched influence of Western institutions and countries presents significant challenges. The recent conference highlights the opportunities and limitations of Russia’s engagement with Africa, reflecting a nuanced and evolving partnership.